observing smoking reducing stress and anxiety

observing smoking reducing stress and anxiety To observe either smoking reduces stress and anxiety. Like mostly smokers said that when they are under stress or anxiety and they smoke a cigarette then their stress relieved and they feel fresh and relaxed. In my research I would like to find either this is true or not. To observe persons psychological condition with smoking habit. In many studies it is shown that smoking habbit is also related to mental condition. I would like to find that students who smoke, whats their perspectives for smoking. To observe does smoking affects the general health of a person. I would like to find out whether the students who smoke have some health problem or not. Are they having any health problem after they starts smoking? Introduction Smoking is to inhale smoke of burning tobacco in the form of cigarettes, cigars etc. Some people occasionally smoke to relief their stress but smoking, as a habit is a physical addiction. Habitual smoking is also called psychological addiction by health experts. In the whole world, almost in every nation there is a warning written on every packet of cigarette that it is injurious to health. In spite of that lot of people find smoking is quite attractive. In UK approximately 120,000 people died every year due to smoking. Smoking is the major reason for sickness and early deaths. On an average non smokers live 10 yrs more than the smokers (webarchieve.nationalarchives.govt.uk.).So a smoker dies 10 yrs early as compare to a person who never smoke in his life. Tobacco contains more than 4000 chemicals, 69 of which known to produce cancer.90% lung cancer deaths are due to smoking. Main three components of tobacco are-nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar. All three of them cause diseases. Nic otine absorbs in blood stream and effected brain in 10 seconds. If a person is habitual smoker, whenever the level of nicotine drops in blood, withdrawal symptoms like craving, anxiety, restlessness, headaches arises. These are relieved when the person smokes. Thats why person smokes regularly to keep these symptoms away. Otherwise the smoker becomes anxious and irritable because of the withdrawal effect of nicotine. Tar contains many contents which produce cancer. Tar contains irritants which damage the lungs which are a major vital organ of human body; by constricting the bronchioles and destroying the cilias which protect lungs from dirt and other infections. Smokers do not sit long hours for doing their work, they need a cigarette break. With this, they feel relaxed and energetic to do their work. People usually smoke at different times in a day .Smokers thought the situations which are not positive; they made them less stressful with smoking a cigarette. Smokers feel pleasure i n smoking. But smoking produce critical health risks for smokers and the persons surrounding them. Because the family members and friends of a smoker who breathe second hand smoke also harm their general health. In this proposal we discuss about the smoking and its perceptions among university students. We discuss the facts that why students attract towards smoking. Does smoking really help to reduce the stress in students? Does smoking affect their general health? These all we discuss in our research proposal. Literature Review According to Stephen J. Heishman (1999), the 3 factors which influences smoking or are influenced by smoking habit, are stress, weight gain and performance. Addiction of nicotine is very complex process which includes biological, psychological and other factors also. If nicotine addicted person withhold nicotine, his attentional and cognitive abilities would be diminished, but these are reversed if nicotine is given to that person. In stress, smoking is eminent, but there is not any specified evidence that smoking reduces stress. In average the weight of smokers is 3-4kgs less than peoples who dont smoke and after quitting smoking weight gain is also in same manner. According to Carol Brown (2004) the use of tobacco is high in people having mental health problems. Use of tobacco is one of the preventable causes of bad health and early deaths in Scotland. According to Scottish Executive (2000), nearly 13,000 persons died each year from diseases occurs due to tobacco like diseases of heart and cancers of different parts of body (Callum, 1998).According to ASH Scotland (2004), there are many critical health risks related to passive smoking. In Scotland, sickness related to smoking costs the National Health Service around  £ 200 million per year. According to McNeill (2001), smoking risk is more among persons with mental health problems as compare to other people. According to Meltzer et al. (1996), surveys shows smoking rates were higher in people having mental problems like in people suffering from psychosis than general population. According to Wendy Wang and Paul Taylor(April8,2008),when smokers asked for their habit of smoking they usually say ,it relives our stress, but 50% of them experience stress frequently as compare to others who never smoke or smoke once and now quits. The survey also shows that smokers are more sad and unhealthy as compare to non smokers or persons who quit smoking.45% of smokers said that they are healthy as this percentage was63%in non smokers and little less in former smokers. Six out of ten current smokers satisfied with their family life whereas this ratio was seven in ten in non smokers. Satisfaction in job is also low in current smokers. According to Andy C Parrott (1999), smokers oftentimes say that smoking helps to relieve their stress whereas the level of stress is quite more in smokers. Dependency on nicotine looks as to modify stress. This resulted irregular mood pattern shown by smokers, during smoking they have good moods and bad otherwise when not smoking. The smokers require nicotine for feeling normal. According to Piasecki (2006) addiction rate is very high in tobacco smoking. Likewise withdrawal of nicotine, tonic desire is basic reason for ex-smokers, who were struggling to maintain abstinence. If a person strike again and again with high stress levels his smoking habbit also raised(Steptoe,et al. ,1996) and stressful activities were essential risk factors for chances of relapse in former smokers(Cohen and Lichtenstein,1990;Mckee,et al.,2003).Study in human laboratories shows that exposure to stress or imagination of provoked markers raises the desire of smoking in smokers who are habitual(Perkins and Grobe,1992;Erblich,et al.,2003). According to American Journal of health behaviour (2006) vol.30 (3), the usage of tobacco in US is highest in adults between 18-24 yrs of age. Most of them are college students. Use of cigarette smoking increased by 28% in the year between 1993-1997. Around 50% of college students tried smoking within that previous year and around 1/3rd are using tobacco currently. Approximately 70% of students of colleges tried tobacco in their life. A recently done study of 224 students of college showed the tendency to take risk, depression, self efficacy were decisive of smoking behaviour. Other study of 636 adult students shows that the college students using tobacco shows lower physical activities and raised depression symptoms as compare to non smokers. Moreover young adults who are in depression use tobacco for improvement in their mood. According to Wegner, Schneider, Carter and White (1987) numerous studies shows inhibiting negative or indifferent thoughts having a rebound effect. So if a person suppresses a single thought he may think about, that thought comes in his mind more quickly. For example people usually attempt to discontinue smoking by avoiding thinking about smoking. Whereas this strategy rises his thoughts of smoking and makes quitting difficult. According to Salkovskis and Reynolds (1994) study, in which contestants decrease or give up smoking by observing their thoughts about smoking. The study shows suppression, raised thoughts of smoking comparison to monitoring. However these results show that thoughts suppression made quitting much challenging. But in this study they were not said that suppression raises smoking. According to Heath Martin (1993); Chassin et al. (1994, 1996) ,Kendler et al.(1999) so many studies done in past two decades suggested that people with the history of smoking in their close relatives were continual smokers than other ones who had no history in their family. Several studies showed that persistent smoking habbit definitely had heritable element. For e.g. Heath Martin (1993) found heritability approximately of 0.53, whereas Kendler et al. (1999) found it as 0.72. These studies show the value of environmental and hereditary factors in habbit of persistent smoking but this did not clarify mechanism that shows relationship of family history and persistence. Hypotheses Smokers thought that smoking reduce stress. Smoking plays a chief role in mood elevation of a person. Generally if the parents smoke, their adult children are more attract towards smoking habit. The family members and friends of a smoker, who breathe the secondhand smoke, also harm their general health. Method Design: This is a Quantitative study of smoking habit and its perceptions among the university students. It is in the form of questionnaire. Dependent Variable: Stress, Psychological status Independent Variable: Age, Gender, smoking habit Participants: The participants are mostly the students of University of Bedfordshire who belongs to different religions and different nations. There will be 25 participants, in which 20 would be male participants and 5 would be female participants. The age of the participants is between 20-40yrs. Procedure: Each student gives a full questionnaire in which options are there and they have to tick the best option according to their choice and they are requested to give answers wisely. Questionnaire is given to each participant personally and told him or her the purpose of test. Before the participants fill the questionnaire, total information regarding the purpose of study and other related information will be given to each participant. This information is also given to the participants that this data remains confidential. This collected data will be used only for study and research purposes and not given to any other organization. After the general introduction regarding name gender etc. the participants asked to select the category of smoking-smoking in the present time, or smoking in the past years and now quitted. Then they start the main Questionnaire. Data analysis The data is collected from students of University of Bedfordshire and analyzed by SSPS. Either a significant relation exists in between the variables is studied by ANOVA. Ethical Consideration The university has accepted the request of survey in their campus. The participants are clearly mentioned about data protection and told them that this data will be used for study and research purpose only. The participants are clearly mentioned that they are free to ask any type of question before the data collection. This is clearly told to the participants if they have any problem during the research they can withdraw any time .The data collected from the students is not given any other party.

Behaviorism vs. Cognitive Psychology Essay

Watson believed that psychology did not accomplish the goal of predicting and controlling the behavior of a person. He believed that psychology had two problems; the pursuit of consciousness as an object of study and the use of introspection as a method. Watson developed a type of psychology that he believed would address these issues, behaviorism. â€Å"Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior† this is the definition of behaviorism that John Watson expressed as his Columbia address. Behaviorism is said to limit the psychological study of behavior. Watson believes that humans had three innate emotions when they were born: fear, rage, and love. The goal would be to take one of the emotions and condition it to a stimulus in order to create a response that was not previously elicited. This was demonstrated in the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment. Watson had a baby, Little Albert, who was not fearful of white rats. During the experiment whenever Little Albert was shown a white rat Watson would pair it with a loud noise until the baby showed fear. This experiment showed that fear can be conditioned in a person. Behaviorism tended to dominate American Psychology until approximately 1954 when cognitive psychology started. â€Å"You say you want a revolution. Well, we all want to change the world.† This quote describes the change in psychology that developed cognitive psychology during an era of social change. Experimental psychologist began seeing a change when the number of unexplained human behavior increased. Psychologist started to think that in order to understand human behavior, mental processes can no longer be ignored. Cognitive psychology was created to understand these mental processes by analyzing the way sensory information is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recover, and used in the brain. It can be e xplained using a computer metaphor, which means that the ideas of conceptual models played a role in the processing, storage, and retrieval of information. Which leads to Gestalt’s psychology experience should be studied as it occurs. Experience is processed into storage in our brain and that storage is available for retrieval for later experiences. An example of this would be Gestalt’s Organizing Tendencies, organization such as grouping is learned at a young age and stored in our memory, now every time after that   experience the mind tends to organize the stimuli into groups without the person’s awareness this is happening. In conclusion, behaviorism is the prediction and control in behavior and cognitive psychology has to do with the way the brain senses, percepts, imagines, retains, recalls, problem solves, and thinks. Behaviorism and cognitive psychology both need each other to exist it is not possible for one to exist without the other. Behaviorism is human experience that is argued that experience is not directly knowable. Scientist began to see an increase in unexplained behavior and determined that mental processes must be analyzed in order to have an accurate depiction of the experiences that should be studied as they occur. Cognitive psychology may be superior to behaviorism because it takes behaviorism to the next level. Behaviorism is the human experiences and cognitive psychology added the extra factor of analyzing the mental processes. In closing, cognitive psychology would not exist without the basic theories of behaviorism and behaviorism would have faded away quickly having so many unexplained behaviors. Cognitive psychology and behaviorism need each other to exist. Work Cited Benjamin, L.T. (2007). A brief history of modern psychology. Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwell.

Integration Of Instructional Technology Into Public Education

Earle, R. (2002). The Integration of Instructional Technology into Public Education: Promises and Challenges. 42(1), 5-13. This journal article, which comes from the professor of education out of Brigham University, Utah, examines technology as a tool for students but not as a form of reliance for teachers. This article also takes a look at the economic perspective of incorporating digital technology more frequently into the classroom. As well, this article takes a very sociological perspective and examines the way in which this upcoming digitalization of the classroom, which will provide a strong relationship to many of the course materials which will also will be included within this paper. This article also provides a new argument/ point of view that examines the technology as only a minor part of the classroom, as the teacher is still the main source of knowledge which differs from a few of the other articles. Due to these differences in perspective, it will provide an interesting contrast and argument that could help guide the paper in a few different ways. As well, this paper provides an American p erspective, which could or could not be relevant, but the context could provide an explanation for some of the biases within the article. Overall, this article will be an interesting addition as it has many different and unique perspectives and opinions on digital sociology and education. Ellison, N.B Boyd, D. (2013) Sociality through Social Network Sites. In Dutton,Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Revealed Reactions1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthe impact of technology on education and revealed reactions for both students and teachers of using technology in classroom. These researches has given us three results: 1) Some research has shown a dramatic difference between the schools in the past and now. 2) What Is Successful Technology Integration? 3) However, some of researches indicate to several difficulties and disadvantages that associated with using technology. What Is Successful Technology Integration? The education in the eraRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Revealed Reactions1666 Words   |  7 Pagesthe impact of technology on education and revealed reactions for both students and teachers of using technology in classroom. These researches has given us three results: 1) Some research has shown a dramatic difference between the schools in the past and now. 2) What Is Successful Technology Integration? 3) However, some of researches indicate to several difficulties and disadvantages that associated with using technology. What Is Successful Technology Integration? The education in the eraRead MoreEssay on Technology Past and Present1198 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology Past and Present Abstract Computers are in most schools in the United States. Most states have addressed the need to adopt technology standards in curriculum. As the spotlight focuses on technology integration and academic achievement, school districts are focusing on staff development as an integral part of the technology integration process. The role of computers in the classroom has changed from a support tool for basic skills and content using tutorial and remediationRead MoreImportance Of Technology In Education1417 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology in Education Topic: The integration of technology into the modern day education process In what way education has changed in favor of using technologies vs the past Reasons why schools might be changing towards the side of using technology more Formations : effects introducing adolescent to technology integrate tech and is it in their favor to do so Intelligent tutoring , Potential disadvantages to integrating partially or fully integrating into education( is it a bad idea PositiveRead MoreShould Technology Be Incorporated in the Classroom?1523 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction. Technology incorporation in the classroom is the development, application, organization, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning. Technology is a broad term that often describes a discipline devoted to techniques or ways to make learning more efficient (Earle, R. S. 2000 ). It is the responsibility of each educator to provide an educational program that appropriately supports each child’s learning development and learning goals. In a technology based society, childrenRead MoreHow Technology Can Improve Learning Skills985 Words   |  4 PagesEducational Technology some people think â€Å"Its a waste of time, why should we even know this?† Techniques of E-learning are known as software and equipment of technology. Also each new device brought new set of procedures and techniques. There are several types of education one of which is Formal education. Applications like Function, Visual Technology Aid, Computer Technology Aid, Internet technology aid, and considerations. There are certain online games can also improve learning skills in differentRead MoreRole Of Social Media On Classroom1390 Words   |  6 PagesThere’s an ongoing debate about the role social media should play in education. Advocates point out the benefits that social media provides for today s digital learners while critics call for regulation and for removing social media from classrooms. Finding a middle ground has become a challenge. As an educational tool, social media enriches the learning experience by allowing students and teachers to connect and interact in new, exciting ways. Web sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedInRead MoreTechnology Has The Power Of The Education System899 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology has the power to revolutionize the education system. Current and future educators are responsible for finding meaningful ways to integrate technology into schools; however, thus far technology integration has not created the success that has been visualized. Perhaps some of the issues with the integration of technology is the educational systems unwillingness to change its paradigm. Technology cannot just be another means to transfer knowledge to student, but should be used for theRead MoreInvestigation Based Stem Professional Development For Elementary Teachers1461 Words   |  6 Pagespreparation: Inquiry-based STEM professional development for elementary teachers. The Journal of Education al Research, 106(2), 157–168. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher attitude, efficacy, and knowledge of STEM integration at the elementary level. During the study, professional development was provided . . . to increase and improve teacher perceptions and understanding of STEM curriculum and instruction. Related Literature: Teaching STEM at the elementary levelRead MoreThe Importance Of A Student s Learning1692 Words   |  7 Pages What can and will be viewed as an important part to enhance the effectiveness of a student’s learning; educators, software vendors and a student’s parents have supported the notion of involving technology into the classroom. This notion is increasingly valid in the area of post-secondary education where students primarily young adults, have to pay high amounts of tuition in the goal of obtaining a degree and obtain skills to translate into landing a job in a very competitive market. A now common

The Controversy Of Cloning And Cloning - 1156 Words

For what purpose animals such as frog, mouse or sheep need to be clone? To what extend these organisms are able to use for cloning? Some people may wonder whether cloned organisms exist or not after watching live action movies, animes or cartoons that consist of cloned characters. The answer for this question is yes, clones do exist. The term, cloning is a process of producing genetic identical living organism asexually using genetic material such as DNA. A cloned organism is likely to have the identical gene with the parents. There are several types of cloning such as therapeutic, reproductive and embryonic cloning. These steps are performed by expert scientist with the aid of modern technology. The first experiment on cloning was carried†¦show more content†¦Genetics Discussion: PCR as the cloning technology There are a variety of methods to produce a clone. One common laboratory technique in the present is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) which will be focus in the essay. In this process, the nucleus, which contains the genetic material is removed from the female donor egg cell (ovum) and discarded, leaving the enucleated egg cell. Next, the nucleus of somatic cell from another donor is removed but kept; the enucleated somatic cell is discarded. Then, the nucleus of the somatic cell is fused with the enucleated egg cell by applying electric current. The egg cell containing the somatic cell nucleus will begin to divide. After the single cell forms a blastocyst, it is implanted into a surrogate mother uterus for further development. The sheep named Dolly was successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell using the above laboratory technique. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland (Edwards, 1999). The experiment started with 277 fused eggs but only 29 fused eggs became fertilized. The fertilized eggs were transferred into 13 sheep, however only one sheep became pregnant successfully. The other remaining 12 sheep failed to pregnant and several dead fetuses were then discovered from them. The successful clone, Dolly was born on July 5, 1996. Unfortunately, Dolly only live up to the age of six which is